Hipertensión portal no cirrótica: presentación de cuatro casos y revisión breve de la literatura / Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: presentation of four cases and a brief review of the literatura

La hipertensión portal es un síndrome hemodinámico de la circulación venosa portal que condiciona múltiples complicaciones potencialmente mortales, debido a las alteraciones generadas en la circulación esplácnica y sistémica. En las últimas décadas se ha identificado la presencia de hipertensión portal en ausencia de cirrosis con un fenómeno de vasculopatía característico. Esta entidad puede clasificarse como prehepática, hepática y posthepática, según la localización del compromiso, identificado mediante estudios hemodinámicos. Se presentan cuatro casos de pacientes con hipertensión portal no cirrótica secundaria a trombosis portal. Adicionalmente, se realiza una revisión breve de la literatura, haciendo énfasis en las dos causas más frecuentes de hipertensión portal no cirrótica; la trombosis venosa portal crónica y la enfermedad vascular porto-sinusoidal.

Portal hypertension is a hemodynamic syndrome of the portal venous circulation that causes multiple life-threatening complications due to the alterations generated in the splanchnic and systemic circulation. In recent decades, the presence of portal hypertension in the absence of cirrhosis has been identified with a characteristic vasculopathy phenomenon. This condition can be classified as pre-hepatic, hepatic and post-hepatic, according to the location of the involvement, identified by hemodynamic studies. Four case reports of patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension secondary to portal thrombosis are presented. Additionally, a brief review of the literature is included, with emphasis in the two most frequent causes of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension; chronic portal venous thrombosis and portosinusoidal vascular disease.

Mortalidad aguda asociada con partículas suspendidas finas y gruesas en habitantes de la Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey / Mortality associated with fine and coarse suspended particles, in inhabitants of Monterrey Metropolitan Area

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar el riesgo de mortalidad asociado con la exposición a partículas finas (PM2.5) y gruesas (PM2.5-10) en la Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey (ZMM). Material y métodos: Estudio ecológico con análisis retrospectivo de series de tiempo (2004-2014) de mortalidad total y específica diaria, y promedio de PM2.5y PM2.5-10. Modelos aditivos generalizados Poisson con rezagos distribuidos ajustados por tendencia, estacionalidad, día de la semana, condiciones meteorológicas y contaminantes gaseosos. Resultados: El promedio (DE) de PM2.5y PM2.5-10fue 26.59 (11.06) y 48.83 (21.15) μg/m3. Cada 10 μg/m3de aumento de PM2.5(lag 0) incrementó el riesgo de mortalidad respiratoria en menores de cinco años 11.16٪ (IC95% 1.03-21.39) y de neumonía e influenza en mayores de cinco años 11.16٪ (IC95% 3.91-9.37). El riesgo de mortalidad asociado con las PM2.5-10fue menor. Conclusiones: Se observaron asociaciones positivas y significativas entre exposición a material particulado y la mortalidad diaria en población de la ZMM.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the mortality risk of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MAM). Materials and methods: A retrospective ecological time-series analysis (2000-2014) was conducted using total and specific causes of mortality, and daily mean PM2.5and PM2.5-10. Generalized additive distributed lag models controlling for trend, seasonality, day of the week, meteorological conditions and gaseous pollutants. Results: Mean (SD) PM2.5and PM2.5-10concentrations were 26.59 μg/m3 (11.06 μg/m3) and 48.83 μg/m3(21.15 μg/m3). An increase of 10 μg/m3 of PM2.5 (lag 0) was associated with 11.16% (95%CI:1.03-21.39) increased risk of respiratory mortality in children <=5 years old and 6.6% (95%CI 3.31-9.37) increased risk of pneumonia-influenza in adults >=65 years old. The risk of mortality associated with the concentration of coarse particles was lower. Conclusions: Positive and significant associations were observed between exposure to particulate matter and daily mortality in the MAM´s population.

Quality of life in chronic venous disease women / Qualidade de vida em mulheres com doença venosa crônica

The aim of the study was to verify the relationship between physical function and quality of life in women with chronic venous disease. Physical function was evaluated by the tests: chair stand test (lower limbs strength), arm curl (upper limbs strength), 6-minute walk (aerobic fitness), back scratch (upper limbs flexibility), sit and reach (lower limbs flexibility), and time up-and-go (agility). Quality of life was assessed by The World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire, which is composed by physical, psychologic, social, environmental, and global do-mains. For statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used with an alpha of 5%. Patients evaluated were 32 (61.27 ± 7.78 years). A significant correlation was observed between the physical domain of quality of life with the chair stand test (r = 0.46; p = 0.001), arm curl (r = 0.39, p = 0.002), and 6-minute walk test (r = 0.45; p = 0.001). Also, chair stand test presented low correlation with global quality of life (r = 0.36, p = 0.004). The physical domain of quality of life measured by the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire is related to lower and upper limbs strength and physical fitness in women with chronic venous disease but presented weak correlation with the global domain of quality of life. Thus, in women with CVD, the muscular strength of lower and upper limbs, and physical fitness is correlated with the physical domain of quality of life

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a relação entre capacidade física e qualidade de vida em mulheres com doença venosa crônica. A capacidade física foi avaliada pelos testes: sentar e levantar (força de membros inferiores), flexão de braço (força de membros superiores), teste de caminhada de seis minutos (resistência ae-róbia), alcançar as costas (flexibilidade de membros superiores), sentar e alcançar (flexibilidade de membros inferiores) e levantar ir-e-vir (agilidade). Qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo questionário da Organi-zação Mundial de Saúde WHOQOL-BREF composto pelos domínios físico, psicológico, social, ambiental e global. Correlação de Pearson foi usada para verificar a relação entre as variáveis. O valor de alpha foi estabelecido em 5%. Foram avaliados 32 pacientes (61.27 ± 7.78 anos). Correlações significativas foram ob-servadas entre os domínios físico de qualidade de vida com o teste de sentar e levantar (r = 0.46; p = 0.001), flexão de braço (r = 0.39; p = 0.002), e teste de seis minutos de caminhada (r = 0.45; p = 0.01). Além disso, o teste de sentar e levantar apresentou fraca correlação com o domínio qualidade de vida global (r = 0.36; p = 0.004). Conclui-se que a resistência aeróbia e força muscular de membros superiores e inferiores tem relação com o domínio físico de qualidade de vida em mulheres com doença venosa crônica

Caracterización de los cuidadores de adultos mayores hemipléjicos a causa de enfermedad cerebrovascular / Characterization of caregivers of hemiplegic aged patients with cerebrovascular illness

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 45 cuidadores de adultos mayores hemipléjicos a causa de enfermedad cerebrovascular, atendidos en la Sala de Rehabilitación Integral del Policlínico Universitario Luis Augusto Turcios Lima del municipio y provincia de Pinar del Río, desde julio hasta diciembre de 2015, con vistas a caracterizar a dichos cuidadores según variables de interés para la investigación. En la serie prevalecieron los cuidadores de 50-59 años de edad (53,3 por ciento), del sexo femenino (44,4 por ciento), con nivel educacional preuniversitario (37,8 por ciento), con lazos de parentesco (71,1 por ciento) y con un tiempo en esta labor entre 7-9 meses (40,0 por ciento). El parentesco existente entre el cuidador y la persona cuidada es un factor importante que influye en gran medida en la experiencia del cuidado

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 45 caregivers of aged hemiplegic adults with cerebrovascular disease, assisted in the Comprehensive Rehabilitation room of Luis Augusto Turcios Lima University Polyclinic in Pinar del Río municipality and province, was carried out from July to December of 2015, with the aim of characterizing this caretakers, according to variables of interest for the investigation. In the series the caregivers of 50-59 years of age (53,3 percent), the female sex (44,4 percent), preuniversity educational level (37,8 percent), family relationship (71,1 percent) and with a period in this activity among 7-9 months (40,0 percent) prevailed. The existent family relationship between the caregiver and the sick elderly is an important factor that influences greatly in the experience of the care

Repercusiones físicas, mentales y sociales del cuidador primario de adultos mayores con enfermedad vascular cerebral en el Hospital Juárez de México / Physical, mental and social repercussions of the primary caregiver of older adults with CVD at the Juárez de México hospital

El adulto mayor hospitalizado con dependencia total a causa de la Enfermedad Vascular Cerebral (EVC), que se determina como crónica y degenerativa, está incapacitado para la realización de las actividades básicas de la vida diaria, por lo cual requiere la atención continua de un familiar denominado cuidador primario quien le brinda apoyo en diferentes aspectos. De ahí, que el cuidador primario se afecte en los ámbitos físico, mental y social. En este sentido, se visualiza la figura de cuidador primario como el sujeto-objeto de investigación. OBJETIVO. Determinar las repercusiones en los ámbitos personal, familiar y social del cuidador primario que brinda atención a un adulto mayor con EVC. MÉTODO. Se realizó un estudio usando la técnica de investigación cualitativa, fenomenológica, exploratoria, descriptiva. Se eligió a 6 cuidadores primarios cuyo familiar adulto mayor (AM) presentara dependencia total a causa de EVC. Se les aplicó la Entrevista en Profundidad. Los resultados se analizaron de acuerdo con el instrumento: Análisis de contenido de tipo temático. RESULTADOS. Se encontró, a través de la codificación libre en el texto de las entrevistas, 3 categorías y 9 subcategorías. 1. Cambio en la vida del cuidador: a) Disminuyen sus ingresos económicos, debido a que el cuidador primario dedica el mayor tiempo al cuidado del AM, por ello abandona parcial o totalmente su actividad remunerada; b) Deja de cuidar su salud, al priorizar la atención del AM en detrimento de la propia, presenta alteraciones del sueño, fatiga, alimentación inadecuada lo cual impacta negativamente en su salud; c) Deja de socializar con familiares y amigos, la permanencia en el hospital hasta por 36 horas continuas aísla al cuidador primario de su contexto familiar. 2. Enseñanza y aprendizaje: a) Fuentes de adquisición de nuevos conocimientos, el cuidador primario aun cuando cuente con conocimientos previos para el cuidado, no está capacitado de manera formal para el desempeño de las actividades que debe desarrollar en el hospital, aprende observando, preguntando a otros cuidadores o profesionales y por ensayo y error, lo cual le genera angustia. No existe un programa que capacite al cuidador primario para brindar la atención adecuada al AM; b) Cuidando en el hospital, el cuidado en el hogar difiere en gran medida del cuidado en el hospital, sus actividades son de apoyo al personal de salud debido a que el cuidador primario no recibe una enseñanza formal para el cuidado, lo cual le genera estrés, además de que pudiera representar un riesgo para el AM; 3) La vida en el hospital: a) Percepción del cuidado, el cuidador primario reconoce que el personal médico brinda atención de calidad al AM, no así lo refiere del personal de enfermería, ya que en sus discursos evidencia que no le capacitan para el desempeño de sus actividades, además de percibir maltrato o tardanza para la atención, por otro lado, justifica lo anterior debido a que el personal es insuficiente y los pacientes numerosos; b) Vigilancia en el hospital, con base en los discursos se observó que la relación cuidador primario-personal de vigilancia es complicada porque éstos se apegan rigurosamente a la normatividad del hospital descuidando las normas morales y el trato digno a que tienen derecho los cuidadores primarios; c) Actividades del cuidador primario en el hospital, son las acciones físicas de cuidado, acompañamiento y organización de los relevos, sin embargo, la principal es la de acompañar al AM, aunque el cuidador primario puede ser un colaborador del equipo de salud; d) Espacio de socialización, la permanencia constante del cuidador primario en el hospital, convierte este sitio en el espacio de socialización, en el que convive con otros pacientes y sus familiares, personal de salud y otras personas creando nuevos vínculos para compartir experiencias y ayuda mutua. CONCLUSIÓN. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el cuidador primario es un colaborador fundamental para la atención del AM hospitalizado, de ahí que es necesario implementar en los planes de estudio de la Licenciatura en Enfermería un área de formación en la cual se contemple al cuidador primario como persona vulnerable que debe recibir atención al igual que su paciente y la enseñanza formal que le capacite para atender las necesidades del AM, por otro lado, es preciso establecer programas para incluirle en un plan de atención y salud básica.

The older adult hospitalized with total dependence because of Cerebral Vascular Disease (CVD) , which is determined as chronic and degenerative, is unable to perform basic activities of daily life, which requires continuous care of a family called primary caregiver who provides support in different aspects. Hence, the primary caregiver affect on the physical, mental and social fields. In this sense, the figure of primary caregiver as the subject-object research is displayed. OBJECTIVE. Determine the impact on personal, family and social areas of the primary caregiver who provides care to an older adult with CVD. METHOD. A study was conducted using qualitative research technique, phenomenological, exploratory, descriptive study was conducted. 6 primary caregivers whose family AM present total dependence because of CVD was chosen. It was applied in-depth interview. The results were analyzed according to the instrument: analysis of thematic content. RESULTS. It was found through the free coding in the text of the interviews, 3 and 9 sub-categories. 1. Change in the caregiver's life: a) reduce their income, because the primary caregiver spends more time taking care of AM, thus partially or totally abandon their remunerated activity; b) Stop health care, prioritizing the attention of AM detriment of their own, presents sleep disturbances, fatigue, inadequate food which negatively impacts on their health; c) Stop socializing with family and friends, stay in the hospital for up to 36 continuous hours isolates the primary caregiver of the family context. 2. Teaching and learning: a) Sources of acquiring new knowledge, the primary caregiver even when it has prior knowledge care is not formally trained to carry out the activities to be developed in the hospital, learns by watching, asking other caregivers or professionals and by trial and error, which generates anxiety. There is a program that enables the primary caregiver to provide adequate attention to AM; b) Taking care in hospital, home care differs greatly from hospital care, their activities are supportive health personnel because the primary caregiver does not receive a formal education for care, which generates stress, and that could pose a risk to the AM; 3) Life in the hospital: a) Perception of care, the primary caregiver recognizes that medical personnel providing quality care to AM, not so concerned nursing staff, since in his evidence speeches that do not train you for the performance of its activities, in addition to perceived abuse or delay for attention, on the other hand, justifies the above because the staff is insufficient and many patients; b) Monitoring in the hospital, based on the speeches was observed that the primary-care staff monitoring relationship is complicated because they are strictly adhere to the regulations of the hospital neglecting moral standards and fair treatment they are entitled to primary caregivers ; c) Activities of the primary caregiver in the hospital, are the physical actions of care, support and organization of the relays, however, the principal is to accompany the AM, although the primary caregiver can be a partner of the health team; d) Space socialization, constant permanence of the primary caregiver in the hospital, makes this site in the space of socialization, which coexists with other patients and families, health workers and others creating new links to share experiences and help mutual. CONCLUSION. The results suggest that the primary caregiver is a key partner for the attention of AM hospitalized, hence need to be implemented in the curricula of Nursing a training area in which the primary caregiver as a vulnerable person is contemplated which should receive attention as patient education and formal training enabling them to meet the needs of AM, on the other hand, we must establish programs to include him in a care plan and basic health.

Ictus hemorrágico en los servicios clínicos del hospital José R López Tabrane: primer cuatrimestre del 2012 / Hemorrhagic ictus at the clinical services of the hospital José R. López Tabrane: First quarter of 2012

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del seguimiento a 14 pacientes que ingresaron con el diagnóstico clínico y radiológico de enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica en los servicios clínicos del hospital José Ramón López Tabrane de Matanzas, en el periodo de enero a abril del 2012. Se observa que el grupo de 66–75 años predominó con 6 casos para un 42,8 por ciento, siendo el sexo masculino el más afectado con 8 pacientes para un 57,1 por ciento. Se apreció una estrecha relación entre escala de Glasgow, evolución clínica y estado al egreso. Se observó con escala Glasgow 15/15 solo 1 paciente vivo, para un 7,1 por ciento; con escala de 9-14/15 hubo 9 pacientes para un 64,2 por ciento y dentro de estos 4 fallecidos para una letalidad de 44,4 por ciento, con Glasgow de menos de 8/15 se presentaron 4 pacientes que todos fallecieron para una letalidad del 100 por ciento. Se comprueba mediante estudios de neuroimagen que el 24,1 por ciento son hemorragias e infarto sin efecto de masa, el 57,1 por ciento son hemorragias con efecto de masa, el 14,2 por ciento son hemorragias subaracnoideas y el 7,1 por ciento corresponde a la hemorragia intraventricular. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes recibieron tratamiento convencional, la alimentación precoz se utilizó en 10 pacientes para un 71,4 por ciento. La estadía hospitalaria se comportó entre 2 y 15 días. Se muestra la presencia de factores de riesgo en los pacientes estudiados. Se concluye que la escala de Glasgow permite establecer un pronóstico de morbimortalidad de los pacientes que ingresan con enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica.

We carried out a descriptive study of the follow up of 14 patients who entered the clinical services of the hospital José R. López Tabrane, of Matanzas, with the radiological and clinical diagnosis of hemorrhagic cerebral vascular disease, in the period form January to April 2012. We observed that there was a predominance of the 66-75-years-old age group with 6 cases for 42,8 percent, being the male genre the most affected with 6 patients for 57,1 percent. We found a tight relation among Glasgow scale, clinical evolution and health status at discharge. It was observed only one alive patient, 7,1 percent, with Glasgow scale 15/15; with Glasgow scale value 9-14/15 there were 9 patients for 64,2 percent, among them 4 passed away for 44,4 percent lethality; with Glasgow scale of less than 8/15 there were 4 patients; all of them died for 100 percent lethality. Through neuro-imaging studies we verified that 34,1 percent of the cases are hemorrhages and infarct without mass effect, 57,1 percent are hemorrhages with mass effect, 14,2 percent are sub-arachnoid hemorrhages, and 7,1 percent are intra-ventricular hemorrhages. 100 percent of the patients received conventional treatment, precocious feeding was used in 10 patients for 71,4. Hospital staying ranged between 2 and 15 days. It was showed the presence of risk factors in the studied patients. We arrived to the conclusion that the Glasgow scale allows to establish a morbimortality prognosis of the patients entering with hemorrhagic cerebral vascular disease.

Doença da artéria periférica sintomática e assintomática: fatores de risco e associação à filtração glomerular / Symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral artery disease: risk factors and association with glomerular filtration

A Doença da Artéria Periférica (DAP) é o resultado do processo aterosclerótico das artérias dos membros superiores, inferiores, aorta abdominal e seus ramos viscerais, que acomete cerca de 8,5 milhões de brasileiros. É responsável por 200 a 280/100.000 amputações/ano em não diabéticos. OBJETIVO: Detectar a DAP sintomática e assintomática nos pacientes com >- 30 anos, assistidos na Unidade docente - assistencial de Angiologia (UDA) do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UERJ, com o intuito de descrever os fatores de risco (FR) e associação com doença renal crônica (DRC) à DAP, a partir da aferição do índice tornozelo-braço (ITB); determinar a alteração da filtração glomerular estimada (FGe) por equações, relacionando-a à progressão da DAP. MÉTODO: Foi usado um questionário padrão e o ITB para identificar os pacientes com e sem DAP. Correlacionou-se as variáveis laboratoriais, como os níveis séricos de colesterol, triglicerídeos, HDL-c, LDL-c, glicemia, homocisteína com a FGe e com o ITB. As análises estatísticas foram feitas pelo prorama Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontaram para a importância do ITB no diagnóstico da DAP, com configuração de graus de obstrução leve, discreta, moderada e grave para os sintomáticos, e a identificação dos assintomáticos, possibilitando intervenção nos fatores de risco demarcados e o controle de suas complicações. O tabagismo mostrou-se como o FR com razão de risco mais importante para DAP. A hipertensão sistólica e a diastólica foram variáveis clínicas mais significativas que o diabetes mellitus. Os marcadores séricos tradicionais para DAP: colesterol total, triglicerídeos e glicemia mostraram significância estatística. A homocisteína foi o marcdor mais significativo em relação à DAP. Ocorreu associação entre redução do ITB com a elevação dos níveis pressóricos, das glicemias, da homocisteína, assim como diminuição das médias da FGe...

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is the result of the atherosclerotic process involving arteries of superior and inferior limbs, abdominal aorta and its visceral branches. Its prevalence is about 8.5 million Brazilians and is responsible for 200-280/100.000 amputations/year in no diabetic patients and 3.000-3.900/100.000 amputations/year in diabetics patients. OBJECTIVE: Detect symptomatic and asymptomatic PAD, using the ankle brachial index (ABI), in patients >- 30 years old attended in the Unidade Docente - Assistencial de Angiologia (UDA), correlating it with risk factors (RF) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), with intention to describe the RF and association with chronic kidney disease. METHOD: It was used a standard questionnaire and the ABI to identify patients with and without PAD. Laboratorial tests, as total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, glycemia, creatinine and homocysteine were correlated to ABI. Statistical analyses were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 program RESULTS: The results had pointed to the importance of the ABI in the diagnosis of PAD, with degrees of mild, discrete, moderate and severe stenosis for the symptomatic patients, and the identication of the asymptomatic ones, making possible intervention in he RF and control of their complications. Tabagism was confirmed as the RF with most important odds ratio for PAD. The systolic and diastolic hypertension showed to be more significant than diabetes mellitus, as diseases associated to PAD. In laboratorial evaluation, the traditional blood markers for PAD: total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose had shown statistics significance. Homocysteine was the marker most significant in PAD. Association between reduction of ABI with systolic and diastolic hypertension and glycemias occurred, as well as reduction of the averages of the eGFR. CONCLUSION: In patients with PAD, hyperhomocysteinemia and decrease of eGFR are possible...